1. Breast Anatomy 2. Neurovascular Anatomy 3. Lymphatic Anatomy Level of Nodes Anatomic Location Level I Lateral to the lateral border of the pectoralis minor muscle. Level II Posterior to the pectoralis minor muscle and anterior to the pectoralis major (Rotter or interpectoral nodes). Level III Medial to the pectoralis minor muscle, including the subclavicular […]
Introduction Acute appendicitis occurs when the appendix, a small pouch connected to the large intestine, becomes inflamed. This happens due to blockage, often by a fecalith (hardened stool), leading to infection and swelling. Read more General surgery topics: Symptoms Acute Appendicitis Examination Findings Acute Appendicitis Laboratory and Imaging Acute Appendicitis Treatment of Acute Appendicitis Pre-operative
Acute Appendicitis Management: Conservative And Surgical Read Post »
Introduction The acute abdomen often involves alterations in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), which can be both a cause and consequence of pathology. Elevated IAP can lead to Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS), a critical condition requiring prompt surgical intervention. This post provides a comprehensive overview of IAP, ACS, and their surgical management, drawing on key insights from
Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Read Post »
In 1992, the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis established criteria for severe pancreatitis. It is characterized by the presence of local complications affecting the pancreas, such as necrosis, abscess, or pseudocyst, or any signs of organ failure. A diagnosis of severe pancreatitis is confirmed when either organ failure or local pancreatic complications are identified. Category
Criteria of SIRS Criteria Condition Temperature >38.3°C or <36.0°C Heart Rate >90 beats/minute Respiratory Rate >20 breaths/minute or PaCO₂ <32 mm Hg Cell count: White Blood Cell (WBC) Count >12,000 cells/mL, <4,000 cells/mL, or >10% immature (band) forms Note: Two or more of the above conditions must be met to fulfill the SIRS criteria (Systemic Inflammatory
SIRS criteria – A Complete Guide For Doctors in 2025 Read Post »
The biliary system consists of the bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated vascular structures. Anatomic variations are common, occurring in up to 30% of patients, making a thorough understanding of both normal anatomy and its variations essential for managing biliary diseases. Anatomy Of Biliary System: 1. Bile Ducts 1.1 Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts Left Hepatic
Definition Tissue damage and ulceration caused by prolonged pressure. Also referred to as bed sores, decubitus ulcers, pressure sores, trophic ulcers, or penetrating ulcers. Preventable Pressure ulcers are preventable with proper care and management. Incidence Most Common Sites Ischium > Greater trochanter > Sacrum > Heel > Malleolus > Occiput. Mechanism External pressure exceeding capillary
Acute pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and accurate assessment to determine its severity and guide treatment. Among the various scoring systems available, the Ranson Criteria and its modified version, the Modified Ranson Criteria, remain widely used tools for predicting the severity and mortality of acute pancreatitis. This article provides a detailed comparison of the
Introduction to Stomas A stoma is an artificial opening created in the colon (colostomy) or small intestine (ileostomy) to divert feces and flatus outside the abdomen. This allows waste to be collected in an external appliance. Stomas can be temporary or permanent, depending on the medical necessity. Types of Stomas 1. Colostomy 2. Ileostomy Key Differences Between Colostomy and Ileostomy
Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, affecting approximately 2% of the population. It is a true diverticulum, meaning it contains all layers of the bowel wall. This condition is often asymptomatic but can lead to complications such as bleeding, intestinal obstruction, and diverticulitis. Below is a detailed exploration
