While Whole Blood is an effective replacement fluid for acute, massive blood loss because it simultaneously provides volume expansion and restores oxygen-carrying capacity (via red blood cells), its use is now relatively uncommon in standard practice, particularly in the United States. Blood Transfusion The Shift to Component Therapy Current transfusion trends favor separating donated blood […]
Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTR) are serious complications resulting from the lysis of red blood cells (RBCs), leading to the release of free hemoglobin. This can cause hypotension, oliguria, hemoglobinuria, and potentially severe renal failure. Prompt and aggressive management is essential. 1. Immediate and Diagnostic Steps Step Action and Rationale Stop Transfusion The first and most
Management of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTR) Read Post »
What Are Crush Injuries? Crush injuries occur when excessive force or pressure damages soft tissues, muscles, and bones. These injuries can result from traumatic events like building collapses or vehicle accidents, but they may also develop after prolonged immobility, such as from a drug overdose. Even closed injuries can lead to severe complications, making prompt
Crush Injuries: Causes, Symptoms, and Emergency Treatment Read Post »
Introduction to Leg Fasciotomy A leg fasciotomy is an emergency surgical procedure performed to relieve dangerously high pressure in muscle compartments. When compartment syndrome develops, immediate fasciotomy can mean the difference between saving a limb and permanent disability. This guide details the step-by-step surgical technique, post-operative care, and consequences of delayed treatment. Surgical Technique for Four-Compartment Leg Fasciotomy Preoperative Preparation Medial Incision:
Understanding Compartment Syndrome: A Surgical Emergency Compartment syndrome is a potentially limb-threatening condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a muscle compartment enclosed by fascia. This increased pressure compromises blood flow, leading to tissue ischemia and, if untreated, muscle and nerve necrosis. Recognizing and treating compartment syndrome promptly is crucial to prevent permanent disability. Other Ortho Topics: Orthopedics Surgery Key
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Open Fractures: A Critical Orthopedic Emergency Open fractures represent some of the most challenging injuries in orthopedic trauma, characterized by a broken bone that communicates with the external environment through a breach in the skin. These injuries demand immediate, systematic management due to their high risk of infection, delayed healing, and potential limb-threatening complications. The Gustilo-Anderson classification system serves
Open Fractures: Classification, Emergency Management, and Surgical Treatment Read Post »
Introduction Acute appendicitis occurs when the appendix, a small pouch connected to the large intestine, becomes inflamed. This happens due to blockage, often by a fecalith (hardened stool), leading to infection and swelling. Read more General surgery topics: Symptoms Acute Appendicitis Examination Findings Acute Appendicitis Laboratory and Imaging Acute Appendicitis Treatment of Acute Appendicitis Pre-operative
Acute Appendicitis Management: Conservative And Surgical Read Post »
Introduction The acute abdomen often involves alterations in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), which can be both a cause and consequence of pathology. Elevated IAP can lead to Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS), a critical condition requiring prompt surgical intervention. This post provides a comprehensive overview of IAP, ACS, and their surgical management, drawing on key insights from
Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Read Post »
Introduction to Stomas A stoma is an artificial opening created in the colon (colostomy) or small intestine (ileostomy) to divert feces and flatus outside the abdomen. This allows waste to be collected in an external appliance. Stomas can be temporary or permanent, depending on the medical necessity. Types of Stomas 1. Colostomy 2. Ileostomy Key Differences Between Colostomy and Ileostomy
Presenting Complaint and History of Presenting Complaint When evaluating a patient with acute abdominal pain(acute abdomen), begin by understanding the presenting complaint and its history. This involves a systematic approach to gather relevant details about the pain and associated symptoms. Onset Determine when the pain began. Was it sudden, gradual, or rapid in onset? Sudden
