The biliary system consists of the bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated vascular structures. Anatomic variations are common, occurring in up to 30% of patients, making a thorough understanding of both normal anatomy and its variations essential for managing biliary diseases. Anatomy Of Biliary System: 1. Bile Ducts 1.1 Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts Left Hepatic […]
Definition Tissue damage and ulceration caused by prolonged pressure. Also referred to as bed sores, decubitus ulcers, pressure sores, trophic ulcers, or penetrating ulcers. Preventable Pressure ulcers are preventable with proper care and management. Incidence Most Common Sites Ischium > Greater trochanter > Sacrum > Heel > Malleolus > Occiput. Mechanism External pressure exceeding capillary
Acute pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and accurate assessment to determine its severity and guide treatment. Among the various scoring systems available, the Ranson Criteria and its modified version, the Modified Ranson Criteria, remain widely used tools for predicting the severity and mortality of acute pancreatitis. This article provides a detailed comparison of the
Introduction to Stomas A stoma is an artificial opening created in the colon (colostomy) or small intestine (ileostomy) to divert feces and flatus outside the abdomen. This allows waste to be collected in an external appliance. Stomas can be temporary or permanent, depending on the medical necessity. Types of Stomas 1. Colostomy 2. Ileostomy Key Differences Between Colostomy and Ileostomy
Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, affecting approximately 2% of the population. It is a true diverticulum, meaning it contains all layers of the bowel wall. This condition is often asymptomatic but can lead to complications such as bleeding, intestinal obstruction, and diverticulitis. Below is a detailed exploration
Aspect CT Severity Index (CTSI) Modified CT Severity Index (Modified CTSI) Development Developed by Balthazar et al. in 1990. An enhanced version of CTSI, addressing limitations of the original index. Purpose To classify acute pancreatitis into mild, moderate, and severe categories. To better predict patient outcomes, including hospital stay and organ failure risks. Key Components
Presenting Complaint and History of Presenting Complaint When evaluating a patient with acute abdominal pain(acute abdomen), begin by understanding the presenting complaint and its history. This involves a systematic approach to gather relevant details about the pain and associated symptoms. Onset Determine when the pain began. Was it sudden, gradual, or rapid in onset? Sudden
Anal fissures are small tears in the lining of the anal canal, often causing significant discomfort. Below is a detailed overview of symptoms, general management strategies, and treatment options, including medications and their available brands. Symptoms of Anal Fissures General Management Strategies Pharmacological Treatments Here are the medications commonly used for anal fissures, along with
Anal Fissures: Symptoms, General Measures, and Treatment Options Read Post »
Pilonidal sinus is a condition frequently observed in individuals with significant body hair, particularly males aged 20–29. It is often linked to extended periods of sitting on hard surfaces and is sometimes referred to as ‘jeep disease.’ The issue typically occurs in the natal cleft near the coccyx. Symptoms and Characteristics Non-Surgical Management for Mild
Hemorrhoids are a common condition with varying symptoms and treatment options depending on their severity and type. Here’s an overview of their classification and conservative management: Clinical Features of Hemorrhoids Types of Hemorrhoids Medical Therapy Surgical Indications Classification of Internal Hemorrhoids Treatment Options Hemorrhoidectomy:
HEMORRHOIDS: CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT AND CLASSIFICATION Read Post »
